HALLMARKS OF GERMAN SILVER
MARKS AND HALLMARKS OF GERMANY
- 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY (POST 1888) -

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German hallmarking system was unified in 1888 (see Decree January 7, 1886) adopting the national mark "crescent and crown" indicating the in thousandths the fineness of silver. This system is still in use in present days.

The previous system was based on different town marks and the silver fineness was indicated in "loth" (12 loth corresponding to 750/1000, 13 loth = 812/1000, 14 loth = 875/1000, 15 loth = 937/1000)

German silver 17/18th century marks

German silver 19th century marks

Hanau silver marks

GERMAN SILVER HALLMARKS OF THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY (post 1888)

	Rieth
	BRUCKMANN & SÖHNE - Heilbronn c. 1910 Founded in 1806. The firm trained its own designers, silversmiths, chasers and engravers. Peter Bruckmann was the first chairman of the Deutscher Werkbund. Closed in 1973 ref: Silber aus Heilbronn Bruckmann & Söhne page 201 Art Nouveau and Art deco Silver - by Annelies Krekle-Aalberse, p.252
	G+K - not identified
	Theodor Heiden (1853 München-1928 Munich)- München c. 1900 Silver and jewelry firm founded in 1880. Goldsmith and Jeweller, supplier of the Royal Bavarian House. ref: Dressler Antiquitätenzeitung September 2003, No.18/19 Art Nouveau and Art deco Silver, Annelies Krekel-Albersee, pag. 255
	J.D.Schleißner Söhne - Hanau, end of 19th century ref: Scheffler/Goldschmiede Hessens page 525,526 No.446a
	Gebrüder Kühn - Schwäbisch Gmünd, c. 1900
	Franz Bahner - Düsseldorf Founded in 1895. Specialist in silver flatware. Executed designs by Peter Behrens c. 1905. Closed in the 1950s ref: Sänger/Das deutsche Silber-Besteck page 271 Bröhan/Metallkunst Abbildung IV page 9, Katalog-No.11, page 586 Saur Art Nouveau and Art deco Silver, Annelies Krekel-Albersee, pag. 251
	Fritz Gerber & Co - Gorlitz/Schlesien c. 1910
	Friedrich Reusswig - Hanau 1903-1926 ref: Scheffler/Goldschmiede Hessens No.556 page 541
	C.Heisler - Mannheim, end of 19th century Court's Silversmith, specialized in Rococo sets. In connection with Belgian silversmith Louis Wolfers (1820-1892) and, from 1890, with his son Philippe ref: Bröhan/Metallkunst der Moderne VI page 27/28
	Richard Köberlin - Döbeln/Sachsen, c. 1900 specialized in silver flatware ref: Sänger/Das deutsche Silber-Besteck page 273

	Gebrüder Reiner Silberbesteckfabrik - Krumbach/Bayern, c. 1910 ref: Deutsches Goldschmiede-Jahrbuch 1913 No.472, Neuwirth/Marken-Lexikon für Kunstgewerbe No.375
	SA - not identified
	Gebrüder Friedländer - Berlin - founded 1829 active from 1860, House Jeweller of the Princess Luise of Prussia. Executed silver designed by the painter Wilhelm Lucas von Cranach c. 1900 ref: : Scheffler/Berliner Goldschmiede No.2018 Art Nouveau and Art deco Silver, Annelies Krekel-Albersee, pag. 254
	KÖRNER & PROLL - Berlin the factory was created in Berlin by Franz Eduard KÖRNER and Friedrich William PROLL in 1845. The firm is still active. ref: : Neuwirth/Markenlexikon Edle und unedle Metalle page 64, Scheffler/Berliner Goldschmiede No.2026
	Robert Kraft, Pforzheim c. 1920
	Gebrüder Deyhle, Schwäbisch Gmund (founded in 1820)
	Emil Hermann, Waldstetten